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management is to think system (ecosystem, whole farm, and watershed), think critically (connect the dots), actively seek resource opportunities, emphasize technology “exchange” vs. “transfer” with other producers and partners, plan creatively and flexibly, and focus on keeping energy flow through the integrated system… Soil Sci 167:346–352, Campbell CA, Janzen HH, Paustian K et al. Examples of Cropping Systems. This term is not a new one, but it has been used more often in recent years in dis- cussions about sustainability of our agricultural production … Nat Rev Genet 6:946–953, Francis C, Jones A, Crookston K et al. When we discuss a cropping pattern along with inputs / … Harvest is complicated by different crop species maturities and product outputs, for example, seeds, tubers, roots, and vegetative plant parts. Case studies are highlighted, knowledge gaps as well as future research needs are identified and discussed. It can be defined as the proportion of area under various crops at a point of time. Further, synergism among crops increases tolerance of weed interference because of improved resource-use efficiency. 1. EurLex-2. A cropping system refers to the type and sequence of crops grown and practices used for growing them. Multicropping systems are often a direct contrast to the industrial model of agriculture that has reduced labor needs, through mechanization, consolidation of farms and fields, and ever-larger equipment. Cropping pattern is a dynamic concept because it changes over space and time. Francis, P. Porter, in Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences (Second Edition), 2017. Karlen, ... R.M. Part of Springer Nature. As both a cause and an effect of the industrial revolution, increasing efficiency of labor use in agriculture has been part of the long-term trend away from societies where most people were involved in food production to those that are primarily urban, and in the US less than 2% of the population is actively involved in the majority of farming activities. 1. J Econ Entomol 95:570–577, Oquist KA, Strock JS, Mulla DJ (2006) Influence of alternative and conventional management practices on soil physical and hydraulic properties. By diversifying income streams, the solar corridor cropping system may provide a bridge for commodity farmers to contribute to new forms of civic agriculture that build community capitals and enhance resilience in the American heartland. The current structure of food and agriculture is also proving to be vulnerable to disruption in a changing climate. Soil Sci 170:822–831, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Ambus P, Jensen ES (2003) The comparison of nitrogen use and leaching in sole cropped versus intercropped pea and barley. Common terminology used when discussing alley cropping systems are alley, alley crop, … Ann Appl Biol 144:127–138, Pikul JL, Hammack L, Riedell WE (2005) Corn yield, nitrogen use, and corn rootworm infestation of rotations in the northern corn. It encompasses all cropping sequences practiced over space and time based on the available technologies of crop production (Table 7.1). © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010, Principles of Soil Conservation and Management, http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/ag/baudr181.html, http://www.soel.de/inhalte/publikationen/s/s-74.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8709-7_7. G4090. Their complexity of multiple species with different planting dates and methods often require carefully planned spatial designs and appropriate rotations to maximize resource use and outputs of food and other products. It includes all spatial and temporal aspects of managing an agricultural system. intensive cropping system in English translation and definition "intensive cropping system", Dictionary English-English online. No-till rotations that include synergistic crop sequences are improving land productivity, farm economics, soil health, and resource-use efficiency in the semiarid Great Plains. The results of a long-term field study on loess in Switzerland. Agric Ecosyst Environ 69:253–264, Tedla A, Mamo T, Klaij MC et al. Cropping systems in the Great Plains are changing because of no-till. Cropping System Cropping systems are good conservation tools that can be used to increase nitrogen use efficiencies, reduce nitrate leaching, mine nitrates from groundwater, improve soil and water quality, and contribute to atmospheric carbon sequestration (Al-Sheikh et al., 2005; From: Advances in Agronomy, 2013 It is defined as “growing of two or more than two crops in the same field in the same time in a year”. In fact, excessive manure N applications can sequester N in soils, yet still contribute to excessive N losses to the environment (Delgado et al., 2008c). Cropping systems have been traditionally structured to maximize crop yields. Cropping system is a critical aspect in developing an effective ecological farming system to manage and organize crops so that they best utilize the available resources. J.A. Cropping System Definitions The term cropping systemrefers to the crops and crop sequences and the management techniques used on a par- ticular field over a period of years. (1998) Does organic agriculture reduce soil erodibility? anappropriatemixof farm enterprisesandthemeans availabletothefarmerstoraisethemforprofitability. Soil Sci Soc Am J 63:1366–1376, Pullins EE, Myers RL, Minor HC (1997) Alternative crops in double-crop systems for Missouri. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Ascorbic acid and β-carotene content respond positively to foliar potassium applications (Lester et al., 2010). This section provides a summary of current knowledge and focuses on how management practices influence N2O emissions in upland cropping systems, as well as which practices could be employed to mitigate N2O emissions from agriculture. These interactions are what sets alley cropping apart from more common monocropping systems. Sequential Cropping involves growing two crops in the same field, one after the other in the same year. (2005) Dynamics of surface barley residues during fallow as affected by tillage and decomposition in semiarid Aragon (NE Spain). Simply intercropping can be defined as growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same piece of land. Another way to sequester N that still results in significant N losses to the environment is to use a no-till system with excessive N inputs. GHG emissions from agriculture are highly variable in time and space due to numerous factors such as water content, O2 levels, pH, and the availability of C and N (Bremner et al., 1980; Bouwman et al., 2002b; Bateman and Baggs, 2005; Stehfest and Bouwman, 2006; Zhu et al., 2013a). verb (used with object), … Ascorbic acid content was not affected by grafting melon into two interspecific hybrids of Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata (Zhao et al., 2011). It is used both in greenhouses and open fields, particularly in intensive crop systems. Sharecropping was a system of agriculture instituted in the American South during the period of Reconstruction after the Civil War. We hypothesized that cropping system … Cropping systems affect the canopy microclimate and modulate plant growth, development, and fruit compositional quality. Farming system? Ambio 28:125–129, Gantzer CJ, Anderson SH, Thompson AL et al. (2006) Long-term management impacts on soil C, N and physical fertility - Part III: Tamworth crop rotation experiment. The absence of cash or an independent credit system led to the creation of sharecropping. (2004) Tillage and crop influences on physical properties for an Epiaqualf. Willer H, Yussefi M (2004) The world of organic agriculture: Statistics and emerging trends, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). Management is the key to maximizing carbon and N sequestration in manure and no-till systems while minimizing N losses to the environment. MS thesis, The Ohio State University, Horst WJ, Hardter R (1994) Rotation of maize with cowpea improves yield and nutrient use of maize compared to maize monocropping in an alfisol in the northern Guinea savanna of Ghana. Download preview PDF. Crop Husbandry. Definition of sharecropping in the Definitions.net dictionary. the yield of such produce for a particular season. Cropping Systems : Cropping systems, an important component of a farming system, represents a cropping pattern used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources, other farm enterprises and available … (2003) Influence of long-term cropping systems on soil physical properties related to soil erodibility. The preceding chapters have highlighted the forms and nature of sustainable food systems that are currently in use across the world and the ecosystem services benefits that can arise. A cropping system refers to the type and sequence of crops grown and practices used for growing them. When people are closely involved with the production of a wide variety of food plants, they understand much about the natural environment in which they live and how this impacts their food supply and livelihoods. (1991) Evaluation of soil loss after 100 years of soil and crop management. We acknowledge that to conduct a true energy balance assessment one must consider machinery's fuel use and CO2 emissions, as well as other factors that make up the complexity of a cropping system; however, that is not the goal of this chapter. Eur J Agron 23:26–36, Lotter DW (2003) Organic agriculture. Farmers are part of the system. Mixed Farming:Cropping systems that involve the raising of crops and animals. We can observe Crop intensification in terms of both space and time dimensions under the inter-cropping system. Current cropping systems in the American heartland have developed within a specific set of social, economic, and ecological conditions. A sustainable cropping system is an integral part of a complete farming system of soil, water, air, plant, animal, and human resources. Sharecropping is a legal arrangement with regard to agricultural land in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land.. Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have used a form of the system. Definition . ... Sharecropping. Crops produce more grain with the same water use in synergistic sequences; in contrast, crops that increase yield capacity consume more water to produce more grain. Balancing productivity, profitability, and environmental health is a key challenge for agricultural sustainability. With more people involved in production agriculture, there is greater potential to maintain viable rural communities and the social services that make them desirable places to live. Delgado, ... M.J. Shaffer, in Advances in Agronomy, 2010. J Sust Agric 21:59–128, Nowatzki TM, Tollefson JJ, Bailey TB (2002) Effects of row spacing and plant density on corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) emergence and damage potential to corn. Where labor is seen having minimal opportunity cost in other sectors, multicropping systems can provide a valuable investment of human energy in production of food, and these have been the predominant ways that food was secured for centuries. The most relevant properties here are sustainability and productivity (efficiency). However, most of the variation in antioxidant properties is explained by genotype and not by the production system, conventional or organic. Like all purposeful systems, a cropping system has generic properties that are useful to assess how it functions and how effective it is. Nat 330:370–372. Historically, cropping systems have been designed to maximise yield, but modern agriculture is increasingly concerned with promoting environmental sustainability in cropping syst… Plant Soil 160:171–183, Iijima M, Izumi Y, Yuliadi E et al. Cropping Systems The term cropping system refers to the crops and crop sequences and the management techniques used on a particular field over a period of years. A system is defined as a set of components that are interrelated and interact among themselves. (1986) Strip cropping corn and grain legumes: a review. Unable to display preview. The term cropping system refers to the crops and crop sequences and the management techniques used on a particular field over a period of years.Long-term cropping systems research projects generally involve a team of scientists of different disciplines working together to answer questions and solve problems. The latter include food, fibre and other raw materials, wealth and satisfaction. 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