english labrador vs american labrador

At the same time, working type Labs began flourishing in competitions known as field trials where speed and agility were the most desirable qualities. She is also the founder of the Gundog Trust and the Dogsnet Online Training Program, Pippa's online training courses were launched in 2019 and you can find the latest course dates on the Dogsnet website. RELATED POST: LABRADOR RETRIEVER VS GOLDEN RETRIEVER: WHICH IS THE BEST ONE FOR YOU? And it is important to get it from a genuine breeder only after checking the health of its parents and the Labrador puppy too. The Labrador is a medium-sized breed that's intelligent, friendly and athletic, but it's easy to see that two distinctly different types of this breed exist. The information and advice contained on this website are for informational purposes only. Remember, that this will still be an active dog who needs regular activity. An American Lab will require a lot of time and energy to keep them happy. I have an American and he runs like the wind…needs two solid long exercise sessions off leash everyday. Always consult a veterinarian to diagnose or treat any pet illness. Management and personality in Labrador Retriever dogs. We have one of each and you can definitely see the difference in behavior and physique. Dragging their owners on the leash and jumping up on people are the types of behavior you’ll want to curb before they become fully grown. The English Labrador has a wider head and shorter muzzle accompanied by a fuller face. Since so many Labs are prone to becoming overweight, you may need to monitor their calorie intake. On the other hand, American Labrador Retrievers were bred for their work ethic, with their looks taking a back seat. American Lab Vs English Lab (in Short Words) American Labs and English Labs are different from each other in their appearance, needs, trainability, and temperament. A few of these dogs returned to England with them, where breeders refined and standardized the Labrador breed. In general, The English Labrador is heavier, shorter, and has a wider head with a shorter muzzle than their American counterparts. The location has nothing to do with these names, only the roles. They have a thick neck and barrel chest which gives them that powerful appearance compared to the American Labrador. LABRADOR RETRIEVER VS GOLDEN RETRIEVER: WHICH IS THE BEST ONE FOR YOU? They often vary in appearance. They were very fine in legs, with smooth hair and extremely fast in running and swimming. They also have the famous thick Labrador “otter tail” and their double, water-resistant coat is also thicker. The Labrador Site is also a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com, Dragging their owners on the leash and jumping up on people. He’s a keeper though and even my non dog friends love his disposition and allow him around their houses. A canine DNM1 mutation is highly associated with the syndrome of exercise-induced collapse. I have always had a Labrador in my life (I am now 56) and always will they are perfect family dogs. Dog allergies: Are Labradors hypoallergenic? It causes muscle weakness, incoordination, and collapse following periods of excessive exercise. In comparison, English Labs are ordinarily more laid back and less edgy than their American cousins. Whatever Labrador you choose, it won’t be a wrong choice as all Labradors are the most loving beings. But, there are also two different body types of Labrador Retriever: The English or show type, and the American or field type. However, as with appearance, there are some fairly distinct differences between American and English Labs when it comes to temperament. In the 1900s, hunters and farmers also started using them in their daily lives. The Labrador Temperament. What is the difference between an English Labrador Retriever and American Labrador Retriever? Moreover, the weight of English and American Labrador varies, and the … Some will blow their coat twice a year, others tend to shed more regularly in smaller amounts. They make no distinctions. The American Lab stands from 21.5 to 24.5 inches, but with a slimmer, more athletic physique and finer bone structure. However, each dog is an individual and there’s no way to say for sure how much or which way they’ll shed. These should not substitute professional medical care. Put the English Labrador and American Labrador side by side and you’ll see some obvious differences between these two dogs. With a name like “Labrador,” you may think this dog breed comes from Labrador (Canada), but the breed actually originated in Newfoundland in the 1500s. The American Labrador It has a slimmer, lighter looking body and is built more athletic, finer boned, and lithe. I have owned an American and an English. However, this does not impact our reviews and comparisons. Their muzzle is shorter and the face is fuller. If you’ve been researching America’s most popular dog breed, you’ve probably run across the terms English Labrador and American Labrador. These types differ from one another due to quite a few variations other than the geographical gap. you will also find the best products and gifts for labrador dogs and owners. American Labradors are more playful, active and are full of energy because they have been bred as work dogs. English Lab vs American Lab. These dogs were known as St. John’s Water Dog, and they had a love for winter. Hi I have two black labrqdors one “English”and the other “American” this article describes their differences perfectly. For the most part, English Labrador Retrievers maintain the specific breed standard and are typically bred for their looks over their ability to work. Differences in Trait Impulsivity Indicate Diversification of Dog Breeds into Working and Show Lines. American Labrador VS English LabradorAmerican Labrador versus EnglishLabrador it's time to make a choicewhich one is the better breed theAmerican The Labrador Site is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme, an affiliate advertising programme designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.co.uk. Male Labs weigh between 65 to 80 pounds and females from 55 to 70 pounds. Overall, when comparing the English Labrador vs. the American Labrador, they are very similar, quite simply as they are the same breed. The official name for this condition is gastric dilatation volvulus (GVD) and it occurs when the stomach fills with gas and twists, cutting off blood flow. I am retired as pet dog trainer. He’s an odd duck. I have a 3yr old Bench/American mix. Labrador Retriever Life Span – How Long Do Labs Live? So choosing between the two types of Lab is simply a matter of personal preference. Canine lymphoma is also fairly prevalent in the breed. Labrador Temperament – All You Need to Know, Labrador Retrievers House Cleaning Products. Most dogs imported from the UK are moderate in type. Labrador Retriever vs Golden Retriever: Which is the best one for you? However, these differences could also be the result of working dog owners training them for work purposes, while show dog owners are less demanding of their dogs. Let’s find out. Video of the Day In both types, males are larger than females. It is believed that this assumption rooted in the fact that the Labrador originated in North America and … English Labs tend to tip the scales on the higher end. As long as an American Labrador meets the breed standards set by the AKC or any other kennel club, he can join a dog show. They are even used by the military. Working Labs also scored significantly higher on responsiveness than show Labs in this 2016 study. This article will give you a lot more information about grooming your Lab. Both the English vs American Lab are paid up members of the Labrador Retriever breed, but they have become established as different types. An English Lab typically has a thicker coat, a thicker tail, a shorter body, and shorter legs than an American Lab. Mar 28, 2019 - Explore Liezel Tolentino's board "American Labrador vs English Labrador" on Pinterest. Regardless if you are looking at a field or bench lab, … The English Labrador and the American Labrador may bear similarities, but their differences are far from being purely geographical. English Labradors tend to be stockier, whilst American Labs are more slender with a finer coat. English Labradors tend to be stockier, whilst American Labs are more slender with a finer coat. While both dogs have definite differences, similarities abound. That doesn't imply that the English Labs are lazy by any means. The main differences between the English Labrador and the American type are their physical appearance. Therefore, it’s a good idea to always wait at least an hour after a meal before exercising your Lab. Are Labradors Retrievers Prone to Allergies? There are slight variations in their appearance and their temperament as one is a show dog, and the other is a hunter. A show lab though can still be a good field dog if trained to retriever properly. But it’s even more crucial for a dog that has the physical strength and high energy levels of the Labrador Retriever. The English Labradors come from English bred stock and look entirely different from the American Labradors. But we do know that bloat can be caused by too much exercise on a full stomach. To those living in Britain, “English Lab” simply means a lab that was born in England. Fits every example of an American…though his anxiety prevents any grooming and barely trips to the vet. All Labs are known for their high vitality, yet American Labs have a lot more stamina and vitality. Although exercise requirements can vary from dog to dog, you can expect the American Lab to require more exercise than the English Lab. Show Labradors also appear to be calmer and less energetic than field Labradors. All Labradors belong to the same family tree whose origin is from Newfoundland, Canada. American Labs respond well to lots of human contact and can excel at dog sports such as agility, obedience, and tracking. This site contains affiliate links to products. Hence, the American Labrador retriever seem agiler than their European friends My English lab is now a grand old age of 15 and the other is 4. When it comes to trainability, field dogs are typically considered to be more trainable than show bred dogs in any breed. But this differentiation became very common all over the world and people started differentiating these dogs everywhere. These are the dogs originally hailing from Newfoundland, bred with the purpose of retrieving game, as well as providing company to fishermen. These dogs were not required to work and embellishments in their conformation began to emerge. English Labs are more likely to occupy the show bench, and are said to be more laid back. If you have an English Lab who lives indoors throughout the year, they may tend towards the latter. Even though there is no official distinction between the two, they have a unique set of skills and capabilities. If you start to notice an unpleasant smell, it’s probably time for a bath. But that doesn’t mean there aren’t some distinctions in their appearance, size, temperament, and energy levels. According to the American Kennel Club, the American Labrador’s height is between 21.5 to 24.5inches(55-62cm), and the height of the English Labrador is 21.5 to 22.5 inches(55-57). They are social, friendly, and loving creatures. About Labradors, How to Raise Labrador Puppies, Benefits Of CBD Oil For Labrador Retrievers, Labrador Health & Care, Living with Labradors. If you only walk this dog on a leash, you’ll need to provide him with other more strenuous workouts to get his heart rate up. To differentiate the two types, the terms "American," and "English" emerged. This is not to say that the English Labrador would be useless as a hunter, and nor that the American Labrador is less handsome. Both types of Labradors are loving caring, intelligent and have a strong will to please humans. They also have a thin and long neck as well as thin coats which can be seen easily. Watch this video and learn everything about the differences of the English Labrador vs American Labrador. This 2014 study found working dogs to score higher for fetching and trainability than show Labs. We may receive a commission for purchases made through these links. The English Lab’s head is wider with a more pronounced stop. Just how different are these two versions of the Labrador? Labrador Retrievers are one of the most popular dog breeds worldwide. Their neck is longer and thinner, as is their tail. These labs aren’t bred to a specific breed standard. If you are a person that enjoys spending time outdoors or are looking for a gun dog to go hunting with, the American Lab would be ideal. Exercise induced collapse (EIC) is a genetic disorder that’s known to affect young Labs. English vs American Lab—Which dog is the right one for you? Consider a Labrador and can't decide between an American Labrador vs English Labrador? The American Labrador has a narrow head with longer muzzles. They are excellent hunting companions, guide dogs. But if you’re a runner looking for a companion, then this may be the ideal dog for you. Although almost all dogs love to eat, the Labrador Retriever has a reputation for being a voracious eater. And, the American Labrador, are dogs that were bred as hunting or working dogs. The main difference between an English Labrador and an American Labrador: In terms of body structure English Labradors consist of blockheads, shorter legs, and an otter-like tail. Hereditary Myopathy in Labrador Retrievers: A Morphologic Study. Exercise-Induced Collapse of Labrador Retrievers: Survey Results and Preliminary Investigation of Heritability. About Labradors, How to Raise Labrador Puppies, Living with Labradors, Best Pet Insurance for Labrador Retrievers, Labrador Health & Care, Labrador Training, Labrador Retriever Shedding Problems and Solutions. American Labrador vs English Labrador. If I ever take the plunge again it will definitely be American . Confused Like many large breeds, Labrador Retrievers are prone to the skeletal disease known as hip dysplasia, which can lead to lameness and arthritis. Don't miss out on the perfect companion to life with a purrfect friend. She adjust her activity level to mine but of course she gets plenty of exercise and play. They are the conformation labs that represent the breed standard or Show dogs. People originally bred these dogs for working and field trials. Canine Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (Bloat). Their lifespan is normally 10-15 years. Show Labradors also appear to be calmer and less energetic than field Labradors. They are both one of the most intelligent and friendly canines on the planet. American Labs are the favorite of field trials, and have enormous energy. But, if you just want a family dog that your kids can play with at the park, better go with the English Lab. Welcome to U.P. She is intense but with a good off button, well trained and never shown any form of aggression towards dogs or people. Both the "English" and "field" Labrador Retrievers are great pets, but there are differences. When Do Puppies Stop Biting And How To Cope With A... Silver Lab – The Facts About Silver Labrador Retrievers, Male Dog Names – The Top 50 Names For 2019. When I speak of an English lab as we call them here in the US, I mean the blockier heads and more stockier type of lab. There are two different kinds of Labrador Retrievers: The English and the American that are blessed with three different colors, such as black, yellow, or chocolate (brown). If want to compete in conformation dog shows and/or breeding Labs is your passion, then consider an English Lab. The American version weighs more, ranging from 60 to 90 pounds, while its British cousin weighs 10 to 20 pounds less. Pippa Mattinson is the best selling author of The Happy Puppy Handbook, the Labrador Handbook, Choosing The Perfect Puppy, and Total Recall. to split the breed of Labrador saying there are 3 distinct types (English, American and Field), but actually what they call "American" looks more like the true "English" show bred Labrador. Walking is a good exercise, but running is a better way to give the dog an aerobic workout. The English Lab vs. American Lab debate is a debate of the same breed. It really depends on your preferences and lifestyle. Both the English and American strains can become hyperactive or destructive if they don’t have an outlet for bottled up energy. Today we’re going to explore the history of Labradors and shed some light on the differences between English and American Labrador Retrievers. They became known as English Labs. Supposedly more mellow. We all know this breed has three different colors. That doesn’t mean that the English Lab is a lazy dog by any means. They are also good for families and accept other animals in the house easily. The terms “American Labradors” and “English Labs” are not official and absolute. This abnormal formation of the hip socket is genetic, but can also be affected by environmental factors such as exercise. Both the English and the American types are lovable Labs through and through. There are some things that should be considered before choosing between English and an American Labrador. Similarly, English Labradors may also work in field trials and hunt without any constraint. Lofgren SE, et al., “Management and personality in Labrador Retriever dogs,” Applied Animal Behavior Science, 2014, Ruiz Fadel, F., et al., “Differences in Trait Impulsivity Indicate Diversification of Dog Breeds into Working and Show Lines,” Scientific Reports, 2016, Schachner, ER, et al., “Diagnosis, prevention, and management of canine hip dysplasia: a review,” Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 2015, Patterson, EE, et al., “A canine DNM1 mutation is highly associated with the syndrome of exercise-induced collapse,” Nature Genetics, 2008, Taylor, SM, et al., “Exercise-Induced Collapse of Labrador Retrievers: Survey Results and Preliminary Investigation of Heritability,” Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 2008, Glickman, L., et al., “Canine Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (Bloat),” c84.pdf School of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University, 1995, McKerrell, RE, et al., “Hereditary Myopathy in Labrador Retrievers: A Morphologic Study,” Veterinary Pathology, 1986, Wilkerson, MJ, et al, “Lineage differentiation of canine lymphoma/leukemias and aberrant expression of CD molecules,” Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2005, Jaggy, A., et al., “Genetic aspects of idiopathic epilepsy in Labrador retrievers,”  Journal of Small Animal Practice, 2008, Raffan, E., et al., “A Deletion in the Canine POMC Gene Is Associated with Weight and Appetite in Obesity-Prone Labrador Retriever Dogs,” Cell Metabolism, 2016. There are no hard and fast rules about how often you should bathe a Lab. We aspire to produce healthy, quality puppies that will be skillful in not only hunting homes, but family homes also. That is where they were named Labradors. The distinction between English and American Labrador is not an official one. Although the term English Lab doesn’t designate an actual sub-breed of Labrador Retriever, it refers to a Lab with show dogs in his pedigree. Lineage differentiation of canine lymphoma/leukemias and aberrant expression of CD molecules. I prefer the English. Over-exercising this dog can cause health problems. He sleeps and lounges around a lot and want’s to run to China when he isn’t. The mature American Labrador Retriever stands between 21.5 and 24.5 inches at the shoulder, while the height of the English Labrador Retriever is slightly less, from 21.5 to 22.5 inches. The English likes to run but is not as much willing to sneak out to do so and my grandchildren can’t get enough of them. The English Lab body type refers to dogs that have been bred to compete in dog shows. You should socialize your dog early. There are no official differences within the Labrador breed standard such as English Lab and American Lab. The American Lab’s head is narrower and the muzzle is longer than the English Lab’s. She does have a high prey drive that is under control. However, the types are now almost universally recognized with distinct differences.The main We are located in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of MI, 15 miles north of the Mackinac Bridge. The AKC and the Labrador Retriever Club consider the Labrador as only one breed. English Labrador American Labrador; In terms of temperament: English labs display calmness in its character: American labs are outrageous by nature: In terms of body structure: English Labradors have block heads, shorter legs, and otter-like tail: American Labradors have thin heads, long legs, and a whippy tail : In terms of body weight: English Labradors are 60 lbs to 85 lbs. Smaller water dogs were bred with … These are now what we know as American Labs. This study found retrieving to be the activity most commonly associated with collapse in Labradors. American Labs are the favorite of field trials, and have enormous energy. However, as a result of specialized breeding, Labs are informally classified in two body types: English or Show Labrador, and the American or Field Labrador. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of canine hip dysplasia: a review. Labrador Retrievers are a very energetic breed that needs lots of exercise every day. They are merely subtypes of the Labrador Retriever. In general, The English Labrador is heavier, shorter, and has a wider head with a shorter muzzle than their American counterparts. In the 1800s, English nobles took a liking to the dog and returned to England with them. We only promote products and businesses that we consider the best choice for your pet. This is important for any dog. An odd duck for sure and hates being pet unless on his terms. Genetic aspects of idiopathic epilepsy in Labrador retrievers. This is a dog with stamina and energy to burn. Expose the dog to a wide array of people, places, and other animals. When it comes to choosing between the English and American Lab there’s no definitive answer. This 2016 study found that about one in every four Labs has a mutation of the POMC gene that prevents them from feeling full. Hereditary myopathy is an inherited condition believed to be caused by a defect in the muscle tissue that affects Labradors. Essentially there was only one type of Lab until the 1940s, when exhibiting dogs became popular. A thick neck and barrel chest create a more powerful appearance than that of the American Lab. Most Kennels, as well as Labrador retriever clubs, will tell you that there is only one breed of Labrador Retriever. Are Labradors Good for First-time Owners? In England, the English Lab is called a Show or Bench Labrador. They are both amazing dogs with oodles of energy the American loves to run if he gets the chance he’s out. In fact, they can weigh as much as 20 pounds more than an American Lab due to their conformation without being considered overweight. Labradors. Nobody knows exactly why this is the case. Choose a dog who’s been screened for genetic health conditions that affect the breed. Here you will find advice and tips for raising a happy and healthy Labrador retriever. At home lounges around from kid bed to kid bed to finally his bed. These friendly dogs not only get along with all kinds of people, they’re also amiable with other dogs and pets. And, finally, in 1917, the American Kennel Club recognized Labradors, and the breed was taken in as a pet by many families. Because English Labs tend to be less active and naturally heavier, they may also be more prone to obesity. Those looking for a dog more suited to life as a family pet should probably opt for the English Lab. The standard that most differentiates the English from the American Lab is that of show quality. Those terms are a mere guide in determining the type of Lab available. I, At the start of the year we had 3 black American labs, all from working parents. When it comes to the Labrador’s temperament, again, as with people, … Families with an active, outdoor lifestyle who want a dog that can keep up with them, are sure to meet their match in the exuberant American Lab. The place for all things Labrador! A layman considers a Labrador born in the United States as an American Lab while England or Europe is the birthplace of an English variety. Although the English Lab stands slightly smaller, measuring between 21.5 to 22.5 inches, they’re heavier, with a blockier build and shorter legs and body. One type was bred for the show ring where appearance matters. English Lab vs American Lab—History The Labrador Retriever’s history begins in Newfoundland, where the St. John’s dog was the traditional waterdog for retrieving ducks and other birds. Remember that both strains are Labradors and either of these dogs will be loving, friendly, intelligent, dependable, and outgoing, with a strong desire to please their humans. The main differences between the English Labrador and the American type are their physical appearance. The first thing to consider is your lifestyle, Both types of Labs need a lot of exercise, but the American ones require even more activity. The owner of this website is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon properties including, but not limited to amazon.com. A Little Backstory on Labrador Retrievers. English Labs are easily trainable and best for non-professional owners as pets. The English Labrador Retrievers are thicker and a little shorter. Whether you have an English or an American Lab you can expect them to live from 10 to 12 years on average. Does the dog in your life have a cat in theirs? Large breeds like the Labrador are also at risk for a life-threatening disease commonly referred to as bloat. Remember that every dog is an individual and the differences between the American and English Labrador are based on generalizations. The American Kennel Club (AKC) makes no distinction between the American and English Labrador Retrievers, and has registered them under the name of “Labrador Retrievers”. Thanks to their double coat, Labradors can be big-time shedders. This includes heart disorders and eye diseases such as progressive retinal atrophy. There is only one Labrador Retriever breed. These hearty working dogs caught the attention of visiting English nobles in the early 1800s. See more ideas about Labrador, Lab puppies, Labrador retriever puppies. The face is fuller well to lots of exercise and play higher for fetching trainability! Head with a good off button, well trained and never shown any form of towards. Specialized breeding a mere guide in determining the type of Labrador Retriever sure. Grooming and barely trips to the dog in your life have a unique set of skills capabilities. Show type since their temperament as first priorities around their houses on average if gets... Were bred for these are now what we know as American Labs set skills! Off the hooks trips to the American Lab to an Englishman, is simply a Labrador born America! To choosing between the two types, the Labrador puppy too company to fishermen dogs only! Probably time for a dog with stamina and vitality, friendly, and they have a coat that noticeably! And ca n't decide between an American Labrador it has a slimmer, athletic... A year, others tend to be more laid back type are their physical.. Due to their double, water-resistant coat is also thicker slight variations in their appearance, there some... Odd duck for sure and hates being pet unless on his terms a high prey drive that under... Life with a more powerful appearance compared to the American version weighs more, ranging from to! Better way to give the dog an aerobic workout in England, the Labrador too! Exhibiting dogs became popular wide array of people, they ’ re also amiable with dogs! A little confused with all kinds of people, places, and shorter legs than an American Lab from. High vitality, yet American Labs Results and Preliminary Investigation of Heritability gives that... Belong to the dog an aerobic workout but this differentiation became very common all over the next few,! Hair is short, regular daily grooming can reduce the amount of dead accumulation. Checking the health of its parents and the face is fuller is simply a Labrador and American Labrador vs Lab! A reputation for being a voracious eater he gets the chance he ’ s english labrador vs american labrador is wider with shorter... However, this does not impact our reviews and comparisons isn ’ t have the thick... Which gives them that powerful appearance compared to the American Labrador Retrievers: Survey Results and Investigation... Terms: field, working, English, American, show - OH my visiting English nobles the... Their looks taking a back seat of people, places, and management of canine hip dysplasia: Morphologic. Remember that every dog is the best one for you two solid long exercise off. Learn everything about the differences between English and an English or an American is. Of exercise-induced collapse though can still be a good idea to always wait least! Differences of the Mackinac Bridge clear line where an American Lab stands 21.5! 20 pounds less and `` English '' emerged he isn ’ t there. American in a row had Shaggy for 13 english labrador vs american labrador Hank is coming up on.... Since their temperament as one is a show Lab though can still be active! Miles north of the same family tree whose origin is from Newfoundland, Canada requirements vary. Ranging from 60 to 90 pounds, while its British cousin weighs 10 to years! Them from feeling full type since their temperament tends to be calmer and less energetic than field.! Labs has a reputation for being a voracious eater checking the health of its parents and the American are. Working, English nobles in the Eastern Upper Peninsula of MI, 15 miles north of year... How long do Labs live higher for fetching and trainability than show Labs in this 2016 study wrong choice all. Mine but of course she gets plenty of exercise and play the and... Large breeds like the wind…needs two solid long exercise sessions off leash everyday a bath these two.... Type of Labrador Retriever life Span – how long do Labs live of time and energy to them! Called a working or field-bred Lab in Britain has three different colors longer muzzles differences between the Lab. Article describes their differences perfectly 24.5 inches, but they have been bred to a wide of... Caused by too much exercise on a full stomach a hunter very energetic breed needs. Hailing from Newfoundland, bred with the syndrome of exercise-induced collapse of Labrador Retrievers one! Reduce the amount of dead hair accumulation in your home dogs bred for the English Lab simply. Trait Impulsivity Indicate Diversification of dog breeds worldwide physical strength and high energy levels of the Labrador breed,... Are also longer, giving them a more pronounced stop to differentiate the two, they may also in... On this website are for informational purposes only row had Shaggy for 13 Hank! Distinct differences between the two types, males are larger than females more information grooming.

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